Monday, August 26, 2013

LGB Catalog 1969 - Part II

The following is a translation of an article/internet posting by IIm-online Nachrichten(News).  H.-Jürgen Neumann, the publisher of these News, gave Yours Truly permission for translation of these series of postings. In case you like to check the original German version please go to http://www.lgb-much.de/20306.pdf. This article (series) continues the account about the early LGB catalogs.

Three new passenger cars and one new freight car entered the program. The two old-timer passenger cars (LGB# 3011 and # 3012) were color variations of passenger car # 3010 of the Salzkammergut local line; passenger car # 3040 "Mixnitz-St Erhard-Bahn) was a complete new model. Car # 3011 was colored in red and was referred to as  passenger car of the Northern German Isle Line. The # 3012 was white/blue (not blue/white- note!) (this is in reference to the Bavarian State colors of "blue & white) and depicted a "Bavarian" type. Both cars and a Stainz loco also made up the LGB Starter Set ( # 20301) which sold umpteen thousand times. Colorful- something for children...
(We are pretty sure that) with the Austrian passenger car CD 2 of the narrow gauge Mixnitz-St Erhard line LGb was already planning ahead for presenting the little matching electric loco of the same train line, which then was released in 1970.

Back then nobody shed any thoughts about the fact that a "Northern German Isle Line" was operating in conjunction with the Austrian "Salzkammergut Local Line", possibly the  (Austrian) "Pinzgauer Local Line" all behind a (South-Western German) "Upper Rhine Rail Road". What was liked was favored - by children as well as by the huge numbers of the grown-up LGB fans!
Top: passenger car LGB # 3011 red/beige
 w/ chromed steel axles, 1969
Middle: passenger car LGB # 3012 blue/beige
 type"Bavaria"
 w/ chromed steel axles, 1969
Bottom: passenger car CD 2 LGB# 3040, 1969
Top: tank car LGB# 4040 in grey
 imbued plastic, 1969
Middle: Hopper car 1200 LGB# 4041
red imbued plastic, 1969
Bottom: Hopper car 1200 LGB# 4041G
grey imbued plastic, 1969

Also very beautiful was the first 2-axle tank car R 360 of the Zillertalbahn (LGB# 4040), grey and labeled "Petroleum". It was followed by "ARAL", "SHELL", "ESSO", and "BP" one year later. It was a fluent transition from "Petroleum" to "ARAL: the grey petroleum tank car was released with additional "ARAL" stickers, then the "Petroleum" sticker was left out, then the car got a white tank first and then a blue tank. It got the labeling "ARAL" with the LGB# 4040A. Compared with its colorful 'brothers' the green BP tank car always got a bit neglected, was less popular with the customer base and was taken off the program first. Which then later on led to it becoming a highly sought after collector's item.
Another new item in 1969 was the hopper car # 4041 in red and in grey (LGB# 4041G). The December 1969 LGB Depesche issue # 4  reported:
Just in time for Christmas the LGB fleet added an especially attractive model; the 2-axle hopper car # 4041 with opening side hatches went into serial production.A really splendid model built just as strong and  solid as all LGB models, made of weather resistant plastic and highly detailed up to the  louver chains. Carriage and frame w/ planked platform are black while the (container) structure is red. Both platform and container are labeled in white according to the archetype. 
The big container body can easily carry one liter ( a quart) of bulk cargo (sand,gravel etc) Empty the container on both sides via slant chutes manually operated by rotary slides.
We're locating the Original archetype of this LGB hopper car at the OEG (Upper Rhine Railroad) car # 1200. The Original car was built by RailWay Car Maker H Fuchs, Heidelberg, Germany in 1925 and carries 7 cubic meter load at 10,500 kg capacity. The rolled out accessory was an uncoupling track # 1050W. Even though still manually operated it already served as a big help in uncoupling the LGB cars. By pushing the side button the uncoupling piece lifts inbetween the tracks and thus separates the  couplers of the rolling cars above.
Also very practical was a small bridge of 45 cm(18 inches) in length built like an iron truss(LGB# 5060). This is still offered by LGB as of today (2006) and probably  utilized many a thousand times. A small distributor plate (LGB # 5070) could be used to connect station lamps electrically or be utilized as a coupler between two extension cables. Some-when  sometime later it fell victim to advancing LGB technology.....++++++++++++++++++to be continued............

Monday, August 19, 2013

LGB Catalog 1969

The following is a translation of an article/internet posting by IIm-online Nachrichten(News).  H.-Jürgen Neumann, the publisher of these News, gave Yours Truly permission for translation of these series of postings. In case you like to check the original German version please go to http://www.lgb-much.de/20306.pdf. This article (series) continues the account about the early LGB catalogs.

LGB News of 1969 - 2 new locos and 6 cars expand the program

It was a pretty "Oldtimer", the steam streetcar # 102 from 1891 operated by the 'OEG' , Oberrheinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft (Upper Rhine Train Corporation); coined the 'Feuriger Elias'  (Fiery Eli) in vernacular term.
The back then "modern times" entered LGB by way of the narrow gauge  Diesel loco "Schöma - CFL 150" - The Original was operated in manufacturing sites and for passenger trains in South America. At LGB she can operate  passenger trains and freight trains, easily, since Diesel locos operate on narrow gauge as well.
Worth mentioning is also that (LGB) included the steam engine "2010D" into their program - "D" for 'Dampf' (German for steam). A small metal tube in the smoke stack filled half way with Seuthe smoke fluid was the secret to this loco steaming like the Original and many a loco- generations afterwards. LGB-Depesche magazine #2 from July 1969 presents the Fiery Eli as follows:
"Countless train fans and the people in the Mannheim-Heidelberg-Weinheim triangle (a southwestern German stronghold of industry) are familiar with the FieryEli. The big archetype operated on the OED trainlines for five decades and is well known for his unusual appearance as a Diesel loco.
Left: Tramway loco 'Fiery Eli' "OEG" (LGB # 2050) this is the 1st version with black chassis and Heuler-motor.
Right: Diesel loco 'Schöma CFL 150' (LGB # 2060H); chassis red, housing in yellow imbued plastic, w/horn triggered by trigger pin. Battery. Model Year 1971

Left: Diesel loco 'Schöma CFL 150' (LGB # 2060), chassis gray, housing red imbued plastic, Model Year 1970.
Right:Diesel loco 'Schöma CFL 150' (LGB # 2060G), chassis red, housing green imbued plastic,
Model Year 1969
"The immediate archetype is the OEG-loco # 102. It is a street car steam loco with wheel arrangement B, built in Kassel by Henschel & Son in 1891. The OEG # 102 had 6 siblings with this type of construction; they were scrapped already in the early 1950's. Until that time they operated faithfully on the OEG lines.
The OEG-tramway loco No 102, vernacular term 'Fiery Eli', has Meter-gauge, a perfect match for LGB gauge 45mm (= one meter in 1:22,5 scale). Her net weight is 11.0 tons and her gross weight is up to 16.4 tons. She can take 1.2  cubic meter water and 0.6 cubic meter coal, top speed is 30 km/h (or 19 mph). The otherwise typical appearance of a Diesel loco completely vanished under the wrap-around cover panel and the end-to-end roof; only the smoke stag peaks out of the roof. The boiler sits in the middle of the loco and furnace is operated from the left side. Coal is stored behind the boiler and the water tanks are behind the coal storage and on both sides up front. The LGB loco (2050) model displays this very well. Note that the 'Fiery Eli' is still operating today (1970) in the Edingen depot of OEG , sometimes for special excursions with oldtimer cars. OEG donated her to the German Society for Railroad History.++++++++++++++++++++++to be continued.......... 

Wednesday, July 10, 2013

LGB History -1968 and 1969 -- Part III

The following is a translation of an article/internet posting by IIm-online Nachrichten(News).  H.-Jürgen Neumann, the publisher of these News, gave Yours Truly permission for translation of these series of postings. In case you like to check the original German version please go to http://www.lgb-much.de/20306.pdf. This article (series) is about the first ever LGB catalog published in 1968 and the LGB activities until 1969.

Regarding starter sets there was one passenger train starter set and one freight train starter set . The passenger train set (LGB # 20301) consisted of a Stainz loco # 2020, one passenger car # 3000, one passenger car # 3010, 12 curved aluminum tracks, 1 connector cable # 5016, 4 figurines and track clamps # 1150. (Original sales price was DEM 198.00 in 1968 or roughly US$ 340.00 in today's money)
The slightly lower prices freight train package (LGB # 20401) consisted of a LGB loco # 4 (LGB 2040) one   boxcar  in brown (LGB #4030) and one 'gondola' in green (LGB# 4020), 12 curved aluminum tracks, 1 connector cable # 5016, 4 figurines and track clamps  (Original price was DEM 176.00 in 1968 or roughly US$ 300.00 in today's money).
LGB 20401 Starter set,
 first edition from 1968.
In 1970 LGB already switched
 to a more colorful packaging
Now, of course, you'd need power to operate the trains. Since LGB (trains) were always meant to be operated outside as well the transformer and the control unit had to be separated by (German) law. So, while the transformer (LGB # 5000) was operated 'under the roof' the controller displaying max 14 Volts could be operated outdoors. It came in the shape of (small) switch tower first in brown, later in green. And the connecting cable between transformer and controller came as a 5-yard-long cable (# 5015). There also  was a 1-yard long connector cable (# 5016), connecting controller and track and a lighting (set) for the two coaches (LGB# 3030). The first brochure, by the way, was still marketing that the controller could be hooked up to the car battery. Though we couldn't find this hint in later publishings. Maybe too many cars broke down......somewhere outside the cities where the clubs met.........with dead batteries galore.....

The figurines were sold as a set as well (LGB# 5040). Spare parts offered were a loco motor (LGB# 2100) and 4 spare carbon brushes (LGB 2110).

At last the second most important thing: the Tracks! To keep costs low in the beginning LGB also offered aluminum tracks. The LGB brochure elaborates: "LGB track # 1000, 1060 and 1100 are made of specialty-hardened-aluminum-alloy and come chrome plated. The track connectors are made out of stainless chrome-nickel steel (V2a) and track beds are made out of VESTOLEN (a patented plastic with very high thermal qualities, very high UV resistance, and extremely durable), They (the aluminum tracks) are meant for indoor layouts and should not be operated outdoors on a regular base. Outdoor use should be limited to temps above 41 degree F. For permanent outdoor operation use track material 1000W-1210W brass solid profile tracks.
Outdoor Layouts: track material 1000W-1210W in brass solid profile is completely weather proof (also in freezing conditions) and best suited for all outdoor and indoor layouts."
By the way, the 60cm (=2 ft long) track piece # 1060 was not available in aluminum. There are some 1500'er tracks which came nickel-plated and were made later on as a test series but never went into full production; therefore they were never sold through stores or dealers. But they made it into the 2006 catalog as a new item.
The very first LGB boxes: left is the first ever  box type, greyish with handwritten item no. Then the yellow boxes were used for some years until they were replaced by the red boxes (around 1978/79)
So, for a short time they offered both track types for # 1000 straight 30cm (1 ft) and # 1100 curved 30 degree. A manually operated switch for right (#1200W) and for left (1210W) turn was announced but not delivered until 1969. The same goes for the uncoupling track (# 1050W) W always means 'weather proof'. And lastly, there was a buffer stop (LGB # 1030) and the track clamps (1150).

Thursday, June 27, 2013

LGB History -1968 and 1969 -- Part II

The following is a translation of an article/internet posting by IIm-online Nachrichten(News).  H.-Jürgen Neumann, the publisher of these News, gave Yours Truly permission for translation of these series of postings. In case you like to check the original German version please go to http://www.lgb-much.de/20306.pdf.

.....the axle bearings need a drop of oil once in a very long while. We can operate our LGB locos outdoors any time of the year - rain and snow doesn't harm them. We have to take them in overnight, though.
The chassis of the small loco (Stainz) was available as a spare part as well. We show you this now very rare part in the photo below The Heuler - motor alignment is clearly visible.

The first LGB product line displays three coaches and three freight cars in addition to the three small locos.
The coaches are the brown Bci 113 of the Lower Austrian Railway (LGB # 3000) and the green A 48 of the Salzkammergut local line (LGB # 3010). While the brown one displays timber plank a clerestory is the focal point of the LGB # 3010.
clockwise from top: LGB 3000, made 1968. LGB 3010, made 1968. LGB 3020, made 1968. LGB 3019, made 1969. LGB 3020, made 1969.


From top: LGB 4000, LGB 4001, LGB 4010,
 LGB 4011, LGB 4020, LGB 4021 - all made in 1968
Offered also is a baggage car LGB # 3020 as the green Pw 274 of the Pinzgau local line. As a 'workaround' until production was finalized on this item, LGB offered a compact freight car in green, LGB# 4030 that was sold as a baggage car. A sibling car was the LGB 3019, manufactured from 1969 on sporting a three-center curve roof following the Zillertal line archetype.
Regarding freight cars the product line included the platform car Prd 3351 of the Salzkammergut local line (LGB 4000, in black) and a color variation LGB 4001 in gray. Then they had the flat car (or gondola) Nwr 4101 of the Salzkammergut local line (LGB# 4010, brown) and the LGB 4011, the green sibling car. Sporting another a high toy value : the open freight car Ow 368 of the Härtsfeldbahn, LGB 4020,brown; and the LGB # 4021 in green.
Unlike these days the cars didn't display signage according to their archetypes. The coaches had the LGB logo on the side - LGB still needed to put its name on the map!
Then came the (first) boxcar the G 40 of the Salzkammergut local line (LGB 4030, brown) and the Gmag 501 of the Zillertal line in white for magnesium transports (LGB# 4031). Signage on the doors differed - Magnesia or Magnesium. The white box (car), by the way, easily turned yellow  under UV/ sun light influence and became unsightly. The one shown in the photo lived all its life in the LGB box and is still in "virgin" shape, innocent white.
The petrol tank car shown in the very first catalog wasn't delivered until 1969.

++++++++++++++++++ to be continued................................

Monday, June 24, 2013

LGB History - 1968 and 1969

The following is a translation of an article/internet posting by IIm-online Nachrichten(News).  H.-Jürgen Neumann, the publisher of these News, gave Yours Truly permission for translation of these series of postings. In case you like to check the original German version please go to http://www.lgb-much.de/20306.pdf.

"We never saw that before!" -- The Beginnings of the Lehmann Big Train in 1968

All started with the Stainz! To be exact there were 3 versions available in the beginning, in 1968. The "1", following the archetype 'Salzkammergut Lokalbahn' (LGB # 2010), the "2" (LGB # 2020) with the by now well known name "Stainz" of the 'Steiermärkischen Landesbahnen StLB (Styria State Rail, Austria) and then the "4" (LGB # 2040) which was offered as the Industrial loco of the Mining Works Siegerland,Germany. All started having a housing made from hard plastics in either black or imbued in color. originally the "1" had a green housing, the "2" a brown one and the "4" always had a black engineer housing. The respective numbering and the "LGB" on the sides or their design  were not only golden colored but were made from leaf gold being steamed onto the loco. For low-priced Starter Sets slimmed-down versions were already available; the loco had no real gold signage, no loco engineer and no lighting.
Left: LGB 2010, the No "1" w/boiler and instruments in black, green driver's cab,chassis in red, power pickup by Schnabel System (Heuler motor), Made in 1968. Right: No "4", LGB # 2040, boiler and instruments in black, driver's cab in black, chassis red power pickup by Schnabel System (Heuler motor), Made in 1968

Contrary to their sisters the "2", that is the "Stainz", came with a 'dumpling'-smoker. In the first edition of the LGB Depesche  (German version of the LGB Telegram) she was described  as follows:
"The LGB loco presented here has her great archetype in the Steiermärkische Landesbahn". She was built in 1892 as loco No 2 for the narrow gauge track Peding-Stainz and was delivered by Krauss-Linz with the manufacturer's no. 2774. It is a steam loco type Bn2t, axle series B. She can take 1.15 qbm water and 0.7 qbm coal. She weighs 12 tons. This small tender loco reaches a speed of 25km/hr (=15.9 mph). Her outstanding feature is the drey shaped funnel. The amiable LGB model of this small steam loco has been replicated with extraordinary many details. The large scale delivers the incentive here. Boiler, instruments and  driver's cab are made of  unbreakable plastic. Take this loco into your hands without fear, nothing will break off. All metal parts of the loco are  nickel-plated. 
LGB # 2020, the No"2". Characteristic funnel,boiler and instruments black, brown driver's cab, chassis in red, power pickup by Schnabel System (Heuler motor), Made in 1968

"The two axles are driven by an exchangeable DC motor with 14 Volts, with a completely maintenance free, capsuled gear drive. The four driving wheels are made of brass (turned) and hard chrome plated. Push rods and accurately replicated Stephenson-control are moving in sync.
Power pickup for the motor is carried out by the four wheels and fitted carbon brushes (Schnabel system). Two small loco lights, in front of the funnel and in the rear of the driver's cab glow correspondent  to the driving direction.
It is fail-safe to take the loco apart. After loosen some screws we can take the frame and power unit off the chassis. Now the carbon brushes and the motor can be exchanged easily. LGB locos require little maintenance. We just have to make sure to keep the tread area and the inner surface of the wheels clean and residue-free. ( Do not use sandpaper for this but a few drops of  lighter gas) "-Yours Truly advises : Do Not try this at home - Please let the professionals like Klaus give proper advice. Note that this description dates from 1968 where safety rules were pretty archaic... For Original Old Stainz locos to purchase or repair needs call Klaus at 770-886-6670
+++++++++++++++to be continued..............................................

Wednesday, May 29, 2013

LGB at the Museum - how it all started

The following is a translation of  an article in the "Glockenreiter" (bell-rider), the official magazine of the Toy Museum Nuremberg/Germany. Klaus Baumann was named the curator and chief-fund raiser for the booster-club of the Museum and was instrumental in bringing the Lehmann collection to the Museum, thus saving and warranting a collection of worldwide significance.

E.P.Lehmann Toys
This unrivaled Lehmann Collection was saved by the booster-club of the Museum and will stay permanently with this Museum. A collection for which the Toy Museum in Nuremberg is envied worldwide.
Ikarus air plane EPL 653, 1919-1939

Since 2002 the Toy Museum displays a completely newly designed department: the world's most significant collection of Lehmann Tin Toys is shown here on roughly 1200 sqft displaying about 350 pieces. It is a permanent loan collection donated by Wolfgang, Rolf, and Johannes Richter. The company also donated a significant sum to help setup this department.
Travelling Uncle, 1893 - 1939. In Europe auction sites display similar items  for US$ 1,200 to  US$ 1,600.00
E.P.Lehmann is one of the really important names in toy history. In 1881 Ernst Paul Lehmann established the company in Brandenburg on the Havel (now a part of East Berlin ) and achieved international stardom quite quickly with their originally designed mechanical toys.
Mandarin palanquin, 1905-1939. Rare objects have been sold in Europe for up to US$ 8,000.00
Cars, trucks, air ships and an abundance of funny, moving animal and human figurines elated children for decades. Lehmann Grossbahn (LGB) located in Nuremberg from 1950 to 2006 was well known for their Big Train(s).
For the first time a whole room is dedicated by the museum for just one single company. The diversified permanent exhibition is among the most beloved departments within the Toy Museum. Adjacent to a panorama of the eventful history of the Ernst-Paul-Lehmann company you'll find a long row of glass cabinets displaying almost everything ever manufactured by Lehmann and in today's world highly sought after by collectors.
climbing monkeys - If made before 1900 thiese pieces have  been auctioned off by Sotheby's for up to US 15,000.00
A painted cloth unfolds a collage of the company's and toy history. A replica of Europe's first traffic light tower is a reminder of the 1920's Berlin - offered as a 'piggy-bank' by Lehmann in the 1920's. On a monitor visitors can view the most beautiful Lehmann (tin) toys in motion . A 2-storied glass cabinet displays LGB trains which can be operated by visitors
by pushing a button; the trains drive through a colorful fantasy world circling the globe symbolically.
When the company went into bankruptcy in 2006 the permanent loan exhibit was part of the court secured assets and their sale was lurking.
It was due to the intense and enduring efforts of Klaus Baumann and inclined friends who established the booster-club for the Museum to save this collection forever for the Museum. Today Klaus Baumann spends a serious amount of his time supporting the booster club and the Museum. His connections secure important donations to the Museum and the Lehmann collection guaranteeing the continuance of this significant exhibition.
Klaus Baumann, 2nd from left, surrounded by his Museum friends

Monday, May 13, 2013

LGB in the USA -- 1985 -- Part 3

The following is a translation from "Spur II Nachrichten" ( 'Gauge 2 News) magazine No 2 December 1985. The magazine was published in Germany - in German only- from 1985 to 2005 by H-Jürgen Neumann .You have met Mr. Neumann through our previous articles. H.-Jürgen Neumann was the founder of one of the biggest and later the most influential LGB Club in Germany ;" Club der LGB Freunde Rhein/Sieg" ( LGB Club LGB Friends Rhein-Sieg). Mr. Neumann was contacted by Yours Truly in February 2013. He is doing very well and was truly happy to be contacted about LGB matters, again. Mr. H-Jürgen Neumann gave us permission to translate all previous articles from his magazines as well as those from his web site LGB Much. So come and join us through a ride through history, the LGB history from 1968 to 2005.Part 3 concludes this article by Dr. Baltzer about the very beginnings of LGB in the USA, quite some time before LGBoA was established.

In 1984 the US Dollar climbed to DEM 3.40 (it wobbles around Euro 1,30 for the last 2 years with comparable buying power ) which brought a solid price-reduction to the market situation for LGB products sold in USA; inspired seemingly by a positive economic background of the Reagan administration the US LGB fans got increasingly into shopping mood. LGB Scale was gaining so much ground that even the publisher of the Model Rail Roader believed he had to jump on that LGB train: Russ Larson condescended an editorial in the February 1984 issue of the MRR - " At The Throttle" -- all the while making it quite clear that while he would love to see articles coming in about G-Scale but regarding the minority role of it he wouldn't be able to publish that many articles.
The Big Train Operator Newsletter mirrored the increasing variety of G-Scale material. The published photos displayed increasingly Kalamazoo and real live-steam locos adjacent to LGB cars.
In 1983 The LGB Club due to changing into a non-profit chapter had to review and change their club by-laws. Triggered by the new members they wanted to change the club name to better represent other model train groups  (like 1-Gauge) . Behind the scenes Kalamazoo seemed to have engaged heavily into such a name change to do away with the ad-strong name of LGB - a German based company at that! That shipwrecked due to the club's 'Old-Timers'  leaving the official name at LGB Model Railroad Club.
The majority decision at the annual Club-Member Convention in Strassburg, PA left the Denver LGB-Club dissatisfied; 15 Denver club members then established the "Garden Railway Society of Denver", a new club. They didn't want to be confined to LGB alone but wanted to take on other big train fans. One of the main actors in this split-off was Marc Horowitz the current publisher of the "Garden Railways Magazine" and the "Sidestreet Banner". The (Denver) Garden Railway Society does a lot of public awareness work and is especially active in the design of transportable modules in G-Scale, corner modules (4 x 4 feet), made in team work and remain club property while straight modules ( 2 x 5 feet) by single members can be integrated in any order. The outer dimensions of the modules have been chosen so that they will fit into any regular car.
Other US magazines that might be of interest for LGB fans or Gauge1 friends:
The Gauge One Journal , The Sidestreet Banner, The Narrow Gauge Digest, Narrow Gauge and Shortline Gazette.
The biggest challenge for these small magazines - issued quarterly and coming into existence due to the growing G-Scale market- is the small number of articles they receive. Mr. Daniel Henon, the publisher of the Gauge One Journal told me that especially Russ Larson, the publisher of the Model Rail Roader is pursuing a ruthless policy in competing for articles and ads. Articles offered to MRR are bought and paid for immediately and then 'frozen'. This way many very interesting articles 'simmer' in immense editorial stocks, many only for few groups like the LGB'ers, are never published and thus elude the MRR-competition in their fight for more ad sales. As a model train fan one can only regret those 'rambunctious' business methods. It is just the small magazine like BTO-Newsletter or the Gauge One Journal which publish very interesting articles  and design tips for do-it-yourself'ers. They deserve our support.
And as the new LGB catalog with its many new US items shows the 'ready-to-play' products by Lehmann are going to enjoy us and our American LGB friends for a long time to come. We as citizens of the "LGB World" thank you, "Lehmänner" !(politely poking fun at the plural of the name Lehmann in German)
Addresses:
H-J.Neumann: 3rd from left, Dr. Baltzer: 3rd from right, visiting the LGB factory in  October 1985
LGB-Model Railroad Club
Secretary-Treasurer
PO BOX 7282
Bloomfield Hills, MI 48302
USA
President: Ralph Wilcox ( succeding Al Lentz who retired following heart surgery)
Annual membership fee: US$ 12.00
Friedrich Balzer / LGB (USA) Member No 489
(Dear blog Reader: please remember that this article dates from 1985!! The above listed address is NOT for current use but was part of the translated article )